Recent updates on lignocellulosic biomass derived ethanol - A review

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

1 Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

2 Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), AREEO, Karaj, Iran

3 Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Karaj, Iran

4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

5 Microbial Industrial Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

6 Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden

Abstract

Lignocellulosic (or cellulosic) biomass derived ethanol is the most promising near/long term fuel candidate. In addition, cellulosic biomass derived ethanol may serve a precursor to other fuels and chemicals that are currently derived from unsustainable sources and/or are proposed to be derived from cellulosic biomass. However, the processing cost for second generation ethanol is still high to make the process commercially profitable and replicable. In this review, recent trends in cellulosic biomass ethanol derived via biochemical route are reviewed with main focus on current research efforts that are being undertaken to realize high product yields/titers and bring the overall cost down.

Graphical Abstract

Recent updates on lignocellulosic biomass derived ethanol - A review

Highlights

  • Cellulosic biomass is the only source for sustainable fuels.

  • Ethanol is a promising fuel candidate for near/long term applications.

  • Ethanol can also serve as a precursor for other fuels and chemicals.

  • However, processing cost for 2G ethanol is still high.

  • Thus, urgent research efforts are needed to bring the cost down.

Keywords

References

[1] Agger, J.W., Isaksen, T., Várnai, A., Vidal-Melgosa, S., Willats, W.G.T., Ludwig, R., Horn, S.J., Eijsink, V.G.H., Westereng, B., 2014. Discovery of LPMO activity on hemicelluloses shows the importance of oxidative processes in plant cell wall degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(17), 6287-6292.
[2] Alfani, F., Gallifuoco, A., Saporosi, A., Spera, A., Cantarella, M., 2000. Comparison of SHF and SSF processes for the bioconversion of steam-exploded wheat straw. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25(4), 184-192.
[3] Anbarasan, P., Baer, Z.C., Sreekumar, S., Gross, E., Binder, J.B., Blanch, H.W., Clark, D.S., Toste, F.D., 2012. Integration of chemical catalysis with extractive fermentation to produce fuels. Nature. 491(7423), 235-239.
[4] Andrić, P., Meyer, A.S., Jensen, P.A., Dam-Johansen, K., 2010. Reactor design for minimizing product inhibition during enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis: I. Significance and mechanism of cellobiose and glucose inhibition on cellulolytic enzymes. Biotechnol. Adv. 28(3), 308-324.
[5] Angelici, C., Weckhuysen, B.M., Bruijnincx, P.C.A., 2013. Chemocatalytic Conversion of Ethanol into Butadiene and Other Bulk Chemicals. Chem. Sus. Chem. 6(9), 1595-1614.
[6] Argyros, D.A., Tripathi, S.A., Barrett, T.F., Rogers, S.R., Feinberg, L.F., Olson, D.G., Foden, J.M., Miller, B.B., Lynd, L.R., Hogsett, D.A., Caiazza, N.C., 2011. High Ethanol Titers from Cellulose using Metabolically Engineered Thermophilic, Anaerobic Microbes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77(23), 8288-8294.
[7] Balan, V., 2014. Current Challenges in Commercially Producing Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass. ISRN Biotechnol 2014.
[8] Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., 2008. Progress in bioethanol processing. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 34(5), 551-573.
[9] Baxter, H.L., Mazarei, M., Labbe, N., Kline, L.M., Cheng, Q., Windham, M.T., Mann, D.G.J., Fu, C., Ziebell, A., Sykes, R.W., Rodriguez, M., Davis, M.F., Mielenz, J.R., Dixon, R.A., Wang, Z.Y., Stewart, C.N., 2014. Two-year field analysis of reduced recalcitrance transgenic switchgrass. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12(7), 914-924.
[10] Bindschedler, L.V., Tuerck, J., Maunders, M., Ruel, K., Petit-Conil, M., Danoun, S., Boudet, A.M., Joseleau, J.P., Paul Bolwell, G., 2007. Modification of hemicellulose content by antisense down-regulation of UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase in tobacco and its consequences for cellulose extractability. Phytochemistry. 68(21), 2635-2648.
[11] Bobleter, O., Niesner, R., Röhr, M., 1976. The hydrothermal degradation of cellulosic matter to sugars and their fermentative conversion to protein. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20(8), 2083-2093.
[12] Brunecky, R., Alahuhta, M., Xu, Q., Donohoe, B.S., Crowley, M.F., Kataeva, I.A., Yang, S.J., Resch, M.G., Adams, M.W.W., Lunin, V.V., Himmel, M.E., Bomble, Y.J., 2013. Revealing Nature’s Cellulase Diversity: The Digestion Mechanism of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA. Science. 342(6165), 1513-1516.
[13] Buijs, N.A., Siewers, V., Nielsen, J., 2013. Advanced biofuel production by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 17(3), 480-488.
[14] Cai, C.M., Nagane, N., Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2014. Coupling metal halides with a co-solvent to produce furfural and 5-HMF at high yields directly from lignocellulosic biomass as an integrated biofuels strategy. Green Chem. 16(8), 3819-3829.
[15] Cai, C.M., Zhang, T., Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2013. THF co-solvent enhances hydrocarbon fuel precursor yields from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem. 15(11), 3140-3145.
[16] Cannella, D., Hsieh, C.W., Felby, C., Jorgensen, H., 2012. Production and effect of aldonic acids during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high dry matter content. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 5(1), 26.
[17] Cannella, D., Jørgensen, H., 2014. Do new cellulolytic enzyme preparations affect the industrial strategies for high solids lignocellulosic ethanol production? Biotechnol. Bioeng. 111(1), 59-68.
[18] Caratzoulas, S., Davis, M.E., Gorte, R.J., Gounder, R., Lobo, R.F., Nikolakis, V., Sandler, S.I., Snyder, M.A., Tsapatsis, M., Vlachos, D.G., 2014. Challenges of and Insights into Acid-Catalyzed Transformations of Sugars. J. Phys. Chem. C. 118(40), 22815-22833.
[19] Chang, V.S., Burr, B., Holtzapple, M.T., 1997. Lime pretreatment of switchgrass. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65, 3-19.
[20] Chen, F., Dixon, R.A., 2007. Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(7), 759-761.
[21] Cheng, G., Varanasi, P., Li, C., Liu, H., Melnichenko, Y.B., Simmons, B.A., Kent, M.S., Singh, S., 2011. Transition of Cellulose Crystalline Structure and Surface Morphology of Biomass as a Function of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment and Its Relation to Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules. 12(4), 933-941.
[22] Chundawat, S.P.S., Bals, B., Campbell, T., Sousa, L., Gao, D., Jin, M., Eranki, P., Garlock, R., Teymouri, F., Balan, V., Dale, B.E., 2013. Primer on Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment, in: Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, pp. 169-200.
[23] Chung, D., Cha, M., Guss, A.M., Westpheling, J., 2014. Direct conversion of plant biomass to ethanol by engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(24), 8931-8936.
[24] Cook, C.M., Daudi, A., Millar, D.J., Bindschedler, L.V., Khan, S., Bolwell, G.P., Devoto, A., 2012. Transcriptional changes related to secondary wall formation in xylem of transgenic lines of tobacco altered for lignin or xylan content which show improved saccharification. Phytochemistry. 74(0), 79-89.
[25] Cooney, C.L., Wang, D.I.C., Wang, S.D., 1979. Simultaneous cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production by a cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium. Biotechnol. Bioeng.  Symp. 8, 103-114.
[26] Costa, E., Uguina, A., Aguado, J., Hernandez, P.J., 1985. Ethanol to gasoline process: effect of variables, mechanism, and kinetics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24(2), 239-244.
[27] Culbertson, A., Jin, M., da Costa Sousa, L., Dale, B.E., Balan, V., 2013. In-house cellulase production from AFEXTM pretreated corn stover using Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30. RSC Adv. 3(48), 25960-25969.
[28] da Costa Sousa, L., Chundawat, S.P.S., Balan, V., Dale, B.E., 2009. `Cradle-to-grave' assessment of existing lignocellulose pretreatment technologies. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 20(3), 339-347.
[29] Dadi, A.P., Varanasi, S., Schall, C.A., 2006. Enhancement of cellulose saccharification kinetics using an ionic liquid pretreatment step. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 95(5), 904-910.
[30] Dale, B.E., Moreira, M.J., 1982. A freeze-explosion technique for increasing cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 12, 31-44.
[31] Dale, B.E., Ong, R.G., 2012. Energy, wealth, and human development: Why and how biomass pretreatment research must improve. Biotechnol. Prog. 28(4), 893-898.
[32] Daniel, G., Filonova, L., Kallas, A.M., Teeri, T.T., 2006. Morphological and chemical characterisation of the G-layer in tension wood fibres of Populus tremula and Betula verrucosa: labeling with cellulose-binding module CBM1HjCel7A and fluorescence and FE-SEM microscopy. Holzforschung. 60(6), 618-624.
[33] Davison, B.H., Drescher, S.R., Tuskan, G.A., Davis, M.F., Nghiem, N.P., 2006. Variation of S/G ratio and lignin content in a Populus family influences the release of xylose by dilute acid hydrolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 130, 427-435.
[34] de Frias, J.A., Feng, H., 2013. Switchable butadiene sulfone pretreatment of Miscanthus in the presence of water. Green Chem. 15(4), 1067-1078.
[35] Deluga, G.A., Salge, J.R., Schmidt, L.D., Verykios, X.E., 2004. Renewable Hydrogen from Ethanol by Autothermal Reforming. Science. 303(5660), 993-997.
[36] Demain, A.L., Newcomb, M., Wu, J.H.D., 2005. Cellulase, Clostridia, and Ethanol. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69(1), 124-154.
[37] Deng, Y., Olson, D.G., Zhou, J., Herring, C.D., Joe Shaw, A., Lynd, L.R., 2013. Redirecting carbon flux through exogenous pyruvate kinase to achieve high ethanol yields in Clostridium thermocellum. Metab. Eng. 15(0), 151-158.
[38] Dhugga, K.S., 2007. Maize Biomass Yield and Composition for Biofuels. Crop Sci. 47(6), 2211-2227.
[39] Di Risio, S., Hu, C.S., Saville, B.A., Liao, D., Lortie, J., 2011. Large-scale, high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded poplar. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 5(6), 609-620.
[40] Ding, S.Y., Liu, Y.S., Zeng, Y., Himmel, M.E., Baker, J.O., Bayer, E.A., 2012. How Does Plant Cell Wall Nanoscale Architecture Correlate with Enzymatic Digestibility? Science. 338(6110), 1055-1060.
[41] Doblin, M.S., Johnson, K.L., Humphries, J., Newbigin, E.J., Bacic, A., 2014. Are designer plant cell walls a realistic aspiration or will the plasticity of the plant's metabolism win out? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 26(0), 108-114.
[42] Elia, T.P., Jose, M.O., Mercedes, B., Lisbeth, O. 2008. Comparison of SHF and SSF processes from steam-exploded wheat straw for ethanol production by xylose-fermenting and robust glucose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100(6), 1122-1131.
[43] Foston, M., Hubbell, C.A., Samuel, R., Jung, S., Fan, H., Ding, S.Y., Zeng, Y., Jawdy, S., Davis, M., Sykes, R., Gjersing, E., Tuskan, G.A., Kalluri, U., Ragauskas, A.J., 2011. Chemical, ultrastructural and supramolecular analysis of tension wood in Populus tremula x alba as a model substrate for reduced recalcitrance. Energy Environ. Sci., 4(12), 4962-4971.
[44] Fox, J.M., Levine, S.E., Blanch, H.W., Clark, D.S., 2012. An evaluation of cellulose saccharification and fermentation with an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of cellobiose and xylose utilization. Biotechnol. J. 7(3), 361-373.
[45] Fu, C., Mielenz, J.R., Xiao, X., Ge, Y., Hamilton, C.Y., Rodriguez, M., Chen, F., Foston, M., Ragauskas, A., Bouton, J., Dixon, R.A., Wang, Z.Y., 2011. Genetic manipulation of lignin reduces recalcitrance and improves ethanol production from switchgrass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(9), 3803-3808.
[46] Funaoka, M., Matsubara, M., Seki, N., Fukatsu, S., 1995. Conversion of native lignin to a highly phenolic functional polymer and its separation from lignocellulosics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 46(6), 545-552.
[47] Galazka, J.M., Tian, C., Beeson, W.T., Martinez, B., Glass, N.L., Cate, J.H.D., 2010. Cellodextrin Transport in Yeast for Improved Biofuel Production. Science. 330(6000), 84-86.
[48] Grabber, J.H., Hatfield, R.D., Lu, F., Ralph, J., 2008. Coniferyl Ferulate Incorporation into Lignin Enhances the Alkaline Delignification and Enzymatic Degradation of Cell Walls. Biomacromolecules. 9(9), 2510-2516.
[49] Grethlein, H.E., Converse, A.O., 1991. Common aspects of acid prehydrolysis and steam explosion for pretreating wood. Bioresour. Technol. 36(1), 77-82.
[50] Ha, S.J., Galazka, J.M., Rin Kim, S., Choi, J.H., Yang, X., Seo, J.H., Louise Glass, N., Cate, J.H.D., Jin, Y.S., 2010. Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of simultaneous cellobiose and xylose fermentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(2), 504-509.
[51] Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Berner, S., Skoog, K., 1986. Improved ethanol production from xylose with glucose isomerase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the respiratory inhibitor azide. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 173-175.
[52] Halliwell, G., Griffin, M., 1973. The nature and mode of action of the cellulolytic component C1 of Trichoderma koningii on native cellulose. Biochem. J. 135(4), 587-594.
[53] Harvey, B.G., Meylemans, H.A., 2014. 1-Hexene: a renewable C6 platform for full-performance jet and diesel fuels. Green Chem. 16(2), 770-776.
[54] Hasunuma, T., Kondo, A., 2012. Development of yeast cell factories for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol through cell surface engineering. Biotechnol. Adv. 30(6), 1207-1218.
[55] He, M., Wu, B., Qin, H., Ruan, Z., Tan, F., Wang, J., Shui, Z., Dai, L., Zhu, Q., Pan, K., Tang, X., Wang, W., Hu, Q., 2014. Zymomonas mobilis: a novel platform for future biorefineries. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 7(1), 101.
[56] Holtzapple, M., Cognata, M., Shu, Y., Hendrickson, C., 1990. Inhibition of Trichoderma reesei cellulase by sugars and solvents. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36(3), 275-287.
[57] Hong, Y., Nizami, A.S., Pour Bafrani, M., Saville, B.A., MacLean, H.L., 2013. Impact of cellulase production on environmental and financial metrics for lignocellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 7(3), 303-313.
[58] Horn, S., Vaaje-Kolstad, G., Westereng, B., Eijsink, V., 2012. Novel enzymes for the degradation of cellulose. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 5(1), 45.
[59] Hsu, D.D., Inman, D., Heath, G.A., Wolfrum, E.J., Mann, M.K., Aden, A., 2010. Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Selected U.S. Ethanol Production and Use Pathways in 2022. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(13), 5289-5297.
[60] Hu, F., Jung, S., Ragauskas, A., 2012. Pseudo-lignin formation and its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 117(0), 7-12.
[61] Hu, J., Arantes, V., Pribowo, A., Gourlay, K., Saddler, J.N., 2014. Substrate factors that influence the synergistic interaction of AA9 and cellulases during the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(7), 2308-2315.
[62] Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., Corma, A., 2006. Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering. Chem. Rev. 106(9), 4044-4098.
[63] Jeffries, T.W., 2005. Ethanol fermentation on the move. Nat. Biotechnol. 23(1), 40-41.
[64] Jeffries, T.W., Jin, Y.S., 2004. Metabolic engineering for improved fermentation of pentoses by yeasts. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 63(5), 495-509.
[65] Jin, M., Gunawan, C., Balan, V., Dale, B.E., 2012. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of AFEX™-pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using Clostridium phytofermentans at a high solids loading. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109(8), 1929-1936.
[66] Jordan, D.B., Bowman, M.J., Braker, J.D., Dien, B.S., Hector, R.E., Lee, C.C., Mertens, J.A., Wagschal, K., 2012. Plant cell walls to ethanol. Biochem. J., 442(2), 241-252.
[67] Karimi, K., Shafiei, M., Kumar, R., 2013. Progress in Physical and Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass, in: Gupta, V.K., Tuohy, M.G. (Eds.), Biofuel Technologies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 53-96.
[68] Kim, S.R., Ha, S.J., Wei, N., Oh, E.J., Jin, Y.S., 2012. Simultaneous co-fermentation of mixed sugars: a promising strategy for producing cellulosic ethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 30(5), 274-282.
[69] Kim, S.R., Park, Y.C., Jin, Y.S., Seo, J.H., 2013. Strain engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced xylose metabolism. Biotechnol. Adv. 31(6), 851-861.
[70] Kim, T.H., Kim, J.S., Sunwoo, C., Lee, Y.Y., 2003. Pretreatment of corn stover by aqueous ammonia. Bioresour. Technol., 90(1), 39-47.
[71] Kim, Y., Ximenes, E., Mosier, N.S., Ladisch, M.R., 2011. Soluble inhibitors/deactivators of cellulase enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48(4-5), 408-415.
[72] Klein-Marcuschamer, D., Oleskowicz-Popiel, P., Simmons, B.A., Blanch, H.W., 2012. The challenge of enzyme cost in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109(4), 1083-1087.
[73] Klein-Marcuschamer, D., Simmons, B.A., Blanch, H.W., 2011. Techno-economic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre-treatment. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 5(5), 562-569.
[74] Knauf, M., Moniruzzaman, M., 2004. Lignocellulosic biomass processing: a perspective. Int. Sugar J. 106(1263), 147-150.
[75] Konda, N., Shi, J., Singh, S., Blanch, H., Simmons, B., Klein-Marcuschamer, D., 2014. Understanding cost drivers and economic potential of two variants of ionic liquid pretreatment for cellulosic biofuel production. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 7(1), 86.
[76] Kristensen, J., Felby, C., Jorgensen, H., 2009. Yield-determining factors in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 2(1), 11.
[77] Kuhad, R.C., Gupta, R., Khasa, Y.P., Singh, A., Zhang, Y.H.P., 2011. Bioethanol production from pentose sugars: Current status and future prospects. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 15(9), 4950-4962.
[78] Kumar, D., Murthy, G.S., 2011. Impact of pretreatment and downstream processing technologies on economics and energy in cellulosic ethanol production. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 4, 27.
[79] Kumar, L., Arantes, V., Chandra, R., Saddler, J., 2012. The lignin present in steam pretreated softwood binds enzymes and limits cellulose accessibility. Bioresour. Technol. 103(1), 201-208.
[80] Kumar, P., Barrett, D.M., Delwiche, M.J., Stroeve, P., 2009a. Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(8), 3713-3729.
[81] Kumar, R., Hu, F., Sannigrahi, P., Jung, S., Ragauskas, A.J., Wyman, C.E., 2013. Carbohydrate derived-pseudo-lignin can retard cellulose biological conversion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 110(3), 737-753.
[82] Kumar, R., Mago, G., Balan, V., Wyman, C.E., 2009b. Physical and chemical characterizations of corn stover and poplar solids resulting from leading pretreatment technologies. Bioresour. Technol. 100(17), 3948-3962.
[83] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2009a. Effect of additives on the digestibility of corn stover solids following pretreatment by leading technologies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102(6), 1544-1557.
[84] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2009b. Effect of enzyme supplementation at moderate cellulase loadings on initial glucose and xylose release from corn stover solids pretreated by leading technologies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102(2), 457-467.
[85] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2009c. Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on the deconstruction of solids from pretreatment of poplar by leading technologies. Biotechnol. Prog. 25(2), 302-314.
[86] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2008. An improved method to directly estimate cellulase adsorption on biomass solids. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 42(5), 426-433.
[87] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2010. Key features of pretreated lignocelluloses biomass solids and their impact on hydrolysis, in: Waldon, K. (Ed.),   Bioalcohol production : Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Woodhead publishing limited, Oxford, pp. 73-121.
[88] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2013. Physical and Chemical Features of Pretreated Biomass that Influence Macro-/Micro-Accessibility and Biological Processing. in: Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, pp. 281-310.
[89] Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2014. Strong cellulase inhibition by Mannan polysaccharides in cellulose conversion to sugars. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 111(7), 1341-1353.
[90] Ladisch, M.R., Lin, K.W., Voloch, M., Tsao, G.T., 1983. Process considerations in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 5(2), 82-102.
[91] Lal, R., 2005. World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environ. Int. 31(4), 575-584.
[92] Laluce, C., Schenberg, A., Gallardo, J., Coradello, L., Pombeiro-Sponchiado, S., 2012. Advances and Developments in Strategies to Improve Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Processes to Obtain the Lignocellulosic Ethanol - a review. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 166(8), 1908-1926.
[93] Li, C., Knierim, B., Manisseri, C., Arora, R., Scheller, H.V., Auer, M., Vogel, K.P., Simmons, B.A., Singh, S., 2010. Comparison of dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass: Biomass recalcitrance, delignification and enzymatic saccharification. Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4900-4906.
[94] Li, H., Pu, Y., Kumar, R., Ragauskas, A.J., Wyman, C.E., 2013. Investigation of lignin deposition on cellulose during hydrothermal pretreatment, its effect on cellulose hydrolysis, and underlying mechanisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 111(3), 485-492.
[95] Lin, K.W., Ladisch, M.R., Schaefer, D.M., Noller, C.H., Lechtenberg, V., Tsao, G.T., 1981. Review of effect of pretreatment on digestibility of cellulosic materials. AICHE Symp. Ser. 207(77), 102-106.
[96] Lynd, L., Greene, N., Dale, B., Laser, M., Lashof, D., Wang, M., Wyman, C., 2006. Energy returns on ethanol production. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5781), 1746-1748.
[97] Lynd, L.R., 1996. Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass :Technology, economics, the environment, and policy. Annu. Rev. Energy Env. 21, 403-465.
[98] Lynd, L.R., Cushman, J.H., Nichols, R.J., Wyman, C.E. 1991. Fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Science (Washington, DC, United States), 251(4999), 1318-1323.
[99] Lynd, L.R., Grethlein, H.E., Wolkin, R.H., 1989. Fermentation of cellulosic substrates in batch and continuous culture by Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(12), 3131-9.
[100] Lynd, L.R., Laser, M.S., Bransby, D., Dale, B.E., Davison, B., Hamilton, R., Himmel, M., Keller, M., McMillan, J.D., Sheehan, J., Wyman, C.E., 2008. How biotech can transform biofuels. Nat. Biotechnol. 26(2), 169-72.
[101] Lynd, L.R., Weimer, P.J., van Zyl, W.H., Pretorius, I.S., 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66(3), 506-77.
[102] Lynd, L.R., Wyman, C.E., Gerngross, T.U., 1999. Biocommodity Engineering. Biotechnol. Prog. 15(5), 777-793.
[103] Mandels, M., Reese, E.T., 1965. Inhibition of cellulases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 3, 85-102.
[104] Millett, M.A., Baker, A.J., Satter, L.D., 1975. Pretreatments to enhance chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological attack of cellulosic materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. (5), 193-219.
[105] Mohnen, D., 2008. Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11(3), 266-277.
[106] Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y.Y., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M., 2005. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 96(6), 673-686.
[107] Müller, G., Várnai, A., Johansen, K.S., Eijsink, V.G.H., Horn, S.J., 2015. Harnessing the potential of LPMO-containing cellulase cocktails poses new demands on processing conditions. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 8(1), 1-9.
[108] Narula, C.K., Li, Z., Casbeer, E.M., Geiger, R.A., Moses-Debusk, M., Keller, M., Buchanan, M.V., Davison, B.H., 2015. Heterobimetallic Zeolite, InV-ZSM-5, Enables Efficient Conversion of Biomass Derived Ethanol to Renewable Hydrocarbons. Sci. Rep. 5, 16039.
[109] Nguyen, T.Y., Cai, C.M.Z., Osman, O., Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2015a. CELF Pretreatment of Corn Stover Boosts Ethanol Titers and Yields from High Solids SSF with Low Enzyme Loadings. Green Chem. DOI: 10.1039/C5GC01977J.
[110] Nguyen, T.Y., Cai, C.M., Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E., 2015b. Co-solvent Pretreatment Reduces Costly Enzyme Requirements for High Sugar and Ethanol Yields from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Chem. Sus. Chem. 8(10), 1716-1725.
[111] Olson, D.G., McBride, J.E., Joe Shaw, A., Lynd, L.R., 2012. Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 23(3), 396-405.
[112] Pauly, M., Gille, S., Liu, L., Mansoori, N., de Souza, A., Schultink, A., Xiong, G., 2013. Hemicellulose biosynthesis. Planta. 238(4), 627-642.
[113] Perez-Pimienta, J.A., Lopez-Ortega, M.G., Varanasi, P., Stavila, V., Cheng, G., Singh, S., Simmons, B.A., 2013. Comparison of the impact of ionic liquid pretreatment on recalcitrance of agave bagasse and switchgrass. Bioresour. Technol. 127(0), 18-24.
[114] Perlack, R.D., Stokes, B.J., 2011. U.S. Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry. U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
[115] Podkaminer, K., Kenealy, W., Herring, C., Hogsett, D., Lynd, L., 2012. Ethanol and anaerobic conditions reversibly inhibit commercial cellulase activity in thermophilic simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (tSSF). Biotechnol. Biofuels. 5(1), 43.
[116] Podkaminer, K.K., Shao, X., Hogsett, D.A., Lynd, L.R., 2011. Enzyme inactivation by ethanol and development of a kinetic model for thermophilic simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at 50 °C with Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum ALK2. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(6), 1268-1278.
[117] Qing, Q., Yang, B., Wyman, C.E., 2010. Xylooligomers are strong inhibitors of cellulose hydrolysis by enzymes. Bioresour. Technol. 101(24), 9624-9630.
[118] Ragauskas, A.J., Beckham, G.T., Biddy, M.J., Chandra, R., Chen, F., Davis, M.F., Davison, B.H., Dixon, R.A., Gilna, P., Keller, M., Langan, P., Naskar, A.K., Saddler, J.N., Tschaplinski, T.J., Tuskan, G.A., Wyman, C.E., 2014. Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery. Science. 344(6185), 709.
[119] Reese, E.T., Mandels, M., 1980. Stability of the cellulase of Trichoderma reesei under use conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng.   22(2), 323-35.
[120] Resch, M.G., Donohoe, B.S., Baker, J.O., Decker, S.R., Bayer, E.A., Beckham, G.T., Himmel, M.E., 2013. Fungal cellulases and complexed cellulosomal enzymes exhibit synergistic mechanisms in cellulose deconstruction. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(6), 1858-1867.
[121] Riittonen, T., Eränen, K., Mäki-Arvela, P., Shchukarev, A., Rautio, A.R., Kordas, K., Kumar, N., Salmi, T., Mikkola, J.P. 2015. Continuous liquid-phase valorization of bio-ethanol towards bio-butanol over metal modified alumina. Renew. Energ. 74, 369-378.
[122] Rollin, J.A., Zhu, Z., Sathitsuksanoh, N., Zhang, Y.H.P., 2011. Increasing cellulose accessibility is more important than removing lignin: A comparison of cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation and soaking in aqueous ammonia. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(1), 22-30.
[123] Schmer, M.R., Vogel, K.P., Mitchell, R.B., Perrin, R.K., 2008. Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105(2), 464-469.
[124] Scott, B.R., Huang, H.Z., Frickman, J., Halvorsen, R., Johansen, K.S., 2015. Catalase improves saccharification of lignocellulose by reducing lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-associated enzyme inactivation. Biotechnol. Lett, 1-10.
[125] Seema, S., Blake, A.S., Kenneth, P.V. 2009. Visualization of biomass solubilization and cellulose regeneration during ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass. Biotechnol. Bioeng.104(1), 68-75.
[126] Selig, M.J., Viamajala, S., Decker, S.R., Tucker, M.P., Himmel, M.E., Vinzant, T.B., 2007. Deposition of Lignin Droplets Produced During Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Maize Stems Retards Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose. Biotechnol. Prog. 23(6), 1333-1339.
[127] Shao, X., Jin, M., Guseva, A., Liu, C., Balan, V., Hogsett, D., Dale, B.E., Lynd, L., 2011. Conversion for Avicel and AFEX pretreated corn stover by Clostridium thermocellum and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: Insights into microbial conversion of pretreated cellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 102(17), 8040-8045.
[128] Shaw, A.J., Podkaminer, K.K., Desai, S.G., Bardsley, J.S., Rogers, S.R., Thorne, P.G., Hogsett, D.A., Lynd, L.R., 2008. Metabolic engineering of a thermophilic bacterium to produce ethanol at high yield. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105(37), 13769-13774.
[129] Shuai, L., Questell-Santiago, Y.M., Luterbacher, J.S., 2016. A mild biomass pretreatment using [gamma]-valerolactone for concentrated sugar production. Green Chem. 18, 937-943.
[130] Singh, S., Simmons, B.A., 2013. Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism, Performance, and Challenges, in: Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, pp. 223-238.
[131] Socha, A.M., Parthasarathi, R., Shi, J., Pattathil, S., Whyte, D., Bergeron, M., George, A., Tran, K., Stavila, V., Venkatachalam, S., Hahn, M.G., Simmons, B.A., Singh, S., 2014. Efficient biomass pretreatment using ionic liquids derived from lignin and hemicellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(35), E3587-E3595.
[132] Somerville, C., Youngs, H., Taylor, C., Davis, S.C., Long, S.P., 2010. Feedstocks for Lignocellulosic Biofuels. Science. 329(5993), 790-792.
[133] Spindler, D.D., Wyman, C.E., Grohmann, K., 1989. Evaluation of thermotolerant yeasts in controlled simultaneous saccharifications and fermentations of cellulose to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34(2), 189-195.
[134] Sreekumar, S., Baer, Z.C., Gross, E., Padmanaban, S., Goulas, K., Gunbas, G., Alayoglu, S., Blanch, H.W., Clark, D.S., Toste, F.D., 2014. Chemocatalytic Upgrading of Tailored Fermentation Products Toward Biodiesel. Chem. Sus. Chem. 7(9), 2445-2448.
[135] Stephen, J.D., Mabee, W.E., Saddler, J.N., 2012. Will second-generation ethanol be able to compete with first-generation ethanol? Opportunities for cost reduction. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 6(2), 159-176.
[136] Sticklen, M.B., 2008. Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable cellulosic ethanol. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9(6), 433-443.
[137] Studer, M.H., DeMartini, J.D., Davis, M.F., Sykes, R.W., Davison, B., Keller, M., Tuskan, G.A., Wyman, C.E., 2011. Lignin content in natural Populus variants affects sugar release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(15), 6300-6305.
[138] Sun, J., Wang, Y., 2014. Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to Chemicals. ACS Catal. 4(4), 1078-1090.
[139] Swatloski, R.P., Spear, S.K., Holbrey, J.D., Rogers, R.D., 2002. Dissolution of Cellose with Ionic Liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(18), 4974-4975.
[140] Trajano, H.L., Wyman, C.E., 2013. Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at Low pH. in: Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, pp. 103-128.
[141] Urbanowicz, B.R., Pena, M.J., Ratnaparkhe, S., Avci, U., Backe, J., Steet, H.F., Foston, M., Li, H., O'Neill, M.A., Ragauskas, A.J., Darvill, A.G., Wyman, C., Gilbert, H.J., York, W.S., 2012. 4-O-methylation of glucuronic acid in Arabidopsis glucuronoxylan is catalyzed by a domain of unknown function family 579 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(35), 14253-14258.
[142] Vaaje-Kolstad, G., Westereng, B., Horn, S.J., Liu, Z., Zhai, H., Sorlie, M., Eijsink, V.G.H., 2010. An Oxidative Enzyme Boosting the Enzymatic Conversion of Recalcitrant Polysaccharides. Science. 330(6001), 219-222.
[143] Viljoen, J.A., Fred, E.B., Peterson, W.H., 1926. The fermentation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria. J. Agric. Sci. 16(01), 1-17.
[144] Vincent, C., Nagwani, S., Holtzapple, M., Mark T., 1998. Lime pretreatment of crop residues bagasse and wheat straw. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 74(3), 135-159.
[145] Wagner, A., Tobimatsu, Y., Phillips, L., Flint, H., Geddes, B., Lu, F., Ralph, J., 2015. Syringyl lignin production in conifers: Proof of concept in a Pine tracheary element system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(19), 6218-6223.
[146] Wang, X., Yomano, L.P., Lee, J.Y., York, S.W., Zheng, H., Mullinnix, M.T., Shanmugam, K.T., Ingram, L.O., 2013. Engineering furfural tolerance in Escherichia coli improves the fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars into renewable chemicals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(10), 4021-4026.
[147] Whitcraft, D.R., Verykios, X.E., Mutharasan, R., 1983. Recovery of ethanol from fermentation broths by catalytic conversion to gasoline. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 22(3), 452-457.
[148] Wilkerson, C.G., Mansfield, S.D., Lu, F., Withers, S., Park, J.Y., Karlen, S.D., Gonzales-Vigil, E., Padmakshan, D., Unda, F., Rencoret, J., Ralph, J., 2014. Monolignol Ferulate Transferase Introduces Chemically Labile Linkages into the Lignin Backbone. Science. 344(6179), 90-93.
[149] Wu, M., Yan, Z.Y., Zhang, X.M., Xu, F., Sun, R.C. 2016. Integration of mild acid hydrolysis in γ-valerolactone/water system for enhancement of enzymatic saccharification from cotton stalk. Bioresour. Technol. 200, 23-28.
[150] Wyman, C.E., 2007. What is (and is not) vital to advancing cellulosic ethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 25(4), 153-157.
[151] Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Balan, V., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M.T., Ramirez, R.S., Ladisch, M.R., Mosier, N.S., Lee, Y.Y., Gupta, R., Thomas, S.R., Hames, B.R., Warner, R., Kumar, R., 2013. Comparative Performance of Leading Pretreatment Technologies for Biological Conversion of Corn Stover, Poplar Wood, and Switchgrass to Sugars, in: Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, pp. 239-259.
[152] Wyman, C.E., Ragauskas, A.J., 2015. Lignin Bioproducts to Enable Biofuels. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 9(5), 447-449.
[153] Ximenes, E., Kim, Y., Mosier, N., Dien, B., Ladisch, M., 2010. Inhibition of cellulases by phenols. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 46(3-), 170-176.
[154] Yamada, R., Hasunuma, T., Kondo, A., 2013. Endowing non-cellulolytic microorganisms with cellulolytic activity aiming for consolidated bioprocessing. Biotechnol. Adv. 31(6), 754-763.
[155] Yang, B., Wyman, C.E., 2006. BSA treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in lignin containing substrates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 94(4), 611-617.
[156] Yang, B., Wyman, C.E., 2009. Dilute acid and autohydrolysis pretreatment. Methods Mol. Biol. 581, 103-114.
[157] Yang, B., Wyman, C.E., 2008. Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 2(1), 26-40.
[158] Yang, S.J., Kataeva, I., Hamilton-Brehm, S.D., Engle, N.L., Tschaplinski, T.J., Doeppke, C., Davis, M., Westpheling, J., Adams, M.W.W., 2009. Efficient Degradation of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass, without Pretreatment, by the Thermophilic Anaerobe "Anaerocellum thermophilum" DSM 6725. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(14), 4762-4769.
[159] Yee, K., Rodriguez Jr, M., Thompson, O., Fu, C., Wang, Z.Y., Davison, B., Mielenz, J., 2014. Consolidated bioprocessing of transgenic switchgrass by an engineered and evolved Clostridium thermocellum strain. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 7(1), 75.
[160] Yoon, H., Wu, Z., Lee, Y., 1995. Ammonia-recycled percolation process for pretreatment of biomass feedstock. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 51(1), 5-19.
[161] Zhang, Y.H.P., Ding, S.Y., Mielenz, J.R., Cui, J.B., Elander, R.T., Laser, M., Himmel, M.E., McMillan, J.R., Lynd, L.R., 2007. Fractionating recalcitrant lignocellulose at modest reaction conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97(2), 214-223.
[162] Zhu, J.Y., Pan, X.J., 2010. Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production: Technology and energy consumption evaluation. Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4992-5002.
[163] Zhu, J.Y., Pan, X.J., Wang, G.S., Gleisner, R., 2009. Sulfite pretreatment (SPORL) for robust enzymatic saccharification of spruce and red pine. Bioresour. Technol. 100(8), 2411-2418.

Files

Cited by

Share

How to cite

Statistics